9.0 Emerging Challenges

9.1 Sewage Treatment

The recognition of cultural eutrophication as a threat to the lakes resulted in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between Canada and the United States of America. The agreed-upon method for reducing nutrient loads was to limit phosphorus in detergents and to limit phosphorus in effluent at most of the STPs to no more than 1 mg/L. Eventually, the nutrient loads decreased by about 50 percent in Lakes Ontario and Erie (SOLEC 1994). Concentrations of phosphorus declined about 50 percent in the west basin of Lake Erie and in Lake Ontario. The decreased phosphorus load was brought about both by building STPs and by using phosphorus precipitation chemistry at the STPs. As the human population continues to grow, the 1 mg P/L limit will allow the nutrient load to grow. Thus, to maintain the low loads now in place and to avoid reversing hard-won progress, sewage treatment will have to become more and more stringent. In addition, the problem of untreated sewage discharges by combined sewer overflows is being and must be addressed in many large cities. There is a tendency to perceive eutrophication as a "mature issue" that requires no further effort. In reality, control of sewage effluents has just begun. Human sewage effluent in the lakes will be a management issue for the foreseeable future. Optimization of existing infrastructure and construction of the necessary technologies at STPs are needed steadily if a trend to worsening conditions is to be avoided.

9.2 Aquaculture

The use of cages in open waters has emerged recently as a fish culture technology that meets the needs of the industry for large-volume water supplies at temperatures appropriate to the needs of coldwater­loving species. Because the cages' structure makes them vulnerable to storm damage, many concerns have been expressed about the impact of escaped fish on natural biodiversity and on the integrity of the wild gene pools. Further, unlike the relatively sterile groundwaters used for most fish hatcheries, the cages' natural environments expose the fish to natural pathogens that must be routinely treated with therapeutants and prophylactics-which in turn are harmful to other elements of the natural biota. But the most worrisome potential effect of cage aquaculture on wild fish production is the nutrient enrichment of the surrounding waters via faeces and surplus food. Unlike wastes produced by onshore feedlots and hatcheries (and cities), these wastes cannot be harvested from the effluents. The conversion efficiency of fish food to fish is roughly 50 percent. Thus for every tonne of fish produced, there will be about a tonne of waste. If the caged fish are fed on netted lake fish, there may be an effect on natural populations. If the caged fish are fed on prepared food, the waste produced represents a new nutrient load to the system. The phosphorus output from a salmonid cage facility producing 100 tonnes of fish in the most efficient way is the equivalent of the raw sewage effluent from a community of 850 people. Since the industry will seek out relatively sheltered sites, the list of concerns includes losses of aesthetic and recreational values, contamination of bottom sediments, and the potential for rising drinking-water costs.

10.0 Summary and Conclusions

There is little doubt that the nearshore environment of the Great Lakes has been altered physically, chemically, and biotically by anthropogenic effects. Beginning about 25 years ago, however, the trend to worsening conditions began to slow down and reverse. This shift was largely due to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) between the two sharing nations. On a lakewide basis, the GLWQA resulted in massive reductions in nutrient loads-reductions that in turn are the foundation for future protection initiatives. Toxic chemical loadings were reduced, resulting in decreased concentrations in biota. The GLWQA's ecosystem concept has brought about a more comprehensive view of environmental management, along with increased public awareness and participation. For example, the Great Lakes Action Plan and the Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund have begun remediation of sediment contamination and habitat damage at more than 50 sites. Funding has been almost evenly distributed between projects on habitat, contaminated sediment, sewage treatment, urban drainage, and non-point sources. These remedial actions-which are occurring in both Canada and the United States-were agreed to in principle during the most recent iterations of the GLWQA, which named the 43 remaining worst polluted areas and instigated Remedial Action Plans to begin remedial activities. Similarly, the binational Lakewide Management Plan process seeks to develop a consensus and plan for the future restoration, maintenance, and use of the lake ecosystems. The progress is largely built on scientific capital accumulated over the last 20 years. Development and maintenance of this scientific capital has been slowing in the recent economic climate. Maintenance of scientific expertise is needed to efficiently delineate what can be expected from remediation. For example, a recent report (Fox et al. 1996) showed that contrary to expectations, the pollution of Lake Ontario by PCBs and PAHs from the Hamilton Harbour AOC was small relative to loadings from the atmosphere and the Niagara River. Thus, though there is a locally significant sediment PAH hotspot in Hamilton Harbour, the research points elsewhere for major gains in Lake Ontario's status. Further research of this type seems necessary to ensure that reasonable expectations prevail and that problems can be prioritized.

In conclusion, the nearshore waters face continued challenges from the effects of human population growth. Much of the damage to physical habitat is permanent, but means of prevention and mitigation are now in place. Water- and sediment-quality problems, which are mostly reversible, are under control. Continued vigilance is needed to prevent repetition of past problems.

11.0 Acknowledgments

We thank the following, who provided information or draft material for incorporation into this report:

J. Amrhein; A. Ballert; P. Baumann; T. Bushian; W. Cibulas, Jr.; J. Christie; D. Dolan; T. Howell; W. Jacobson; O. Johannsson; R. Kavetsky; D. Klemans; R. Murthy; T. Nalepa; M. Neilson; K. Nichols; S.J. Nichols; C. Portt; H. Prince; T. Reynoldson; R.P. Richards; D. Riedel; R. Rossman; W. Scheider; W. Schertzer; S. Stoddard; D.V. Weseloh; A. Zimmerman.

12.0 Glossary

Species-The species is the fundamental unit of biological organization. Members of a species are genetically similar and normally mate only with other members of the same species, thus preserving that genetic similarity.

Community-The community is a more complex level of organization. Typically, the geographic distributions or ranges of many species overlap. This overlapping suggests either that these species are competing with each other for the space, food, and other resources needed for them to grow and reproduce, or that each is using the resources differently in the area of overlap. Plant or animal species with overlapping ranges that are tolerant of each other and derive some mutual benefit from associating with each other generally occur in assemblages called communities.

Ecosystem-The most complex level of organization is the ecosystem. An ecosystem includes the plant and animal communities in an area together with the non-living physical environment that supports them. Ecosystems have physically defined boundaries, but they are also dynamic: their boundaries and constituents can change over time. They can import and export materials and energy and thus can interact with and influence other ecosystems. They can also vary widely in size. A small pond or patch of woodland can be an ecosystem, as can the entire Great Lakes region, or the biosphere of the earth with its human component.

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